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Accounting

Debits and Credits: Mastering the Basics of Business Accounting

Avigail Feldman
June 1, 2025
5 min read

“Debit” and “credit” are words we hear all the time – usually at the checkout counter or when checking our bank statements. But in business accounting, they mean something entirely different. These aren’t just financial terms – they’re the foundation of how your business tracks what’s coming in and going out. Understanding debits and credits is essential for grasping the basics of accounting.

Contents

    For founders, understanding how debits and credits work isn’t about doing your own bookkeeping. It’s about knowing what your numbers really mean so you can lead with clarity, make informed decisions, and catch red flags before they become problems. It helps you make smarter decisions, ask better questions, and feel more confident about your numbers. 

    In this post, we’ll break down what debits and credits actually mean, how they fit into the system of double-entry accounting, and why this knowledge is a game-changer, even if someone else is doing the bookkeeping.

    Why Financial Literacy Matters – Even If You're Not the One Doing the Books

    Before we dive into the technical definitions, let’s address the bigger picture: why does this matter? 

    If you’re building a business, you don’t need to be an accountant, but you do need to speak the language of business. Having a solid grasp of the basics of financial literacy, helps you read financial reports, spot issues early, and make more confident, informed decisions. 

    Financial literacy gives you the tools to:

    • Read and understand financial statements
    • Communicate clearly with your finance team or CFO
    • Ask the right questions when reviewing reports
    • Detect red flags before they become major issues
    • Make strategic decisions based on real data, not gut instinct

    Debits and Credits: The Backbone of Double-Entry Accounting

    The most common form of accounting used by businesses around the world is called double-entry accounting. 

    Every financial transaction affects at least two accounts, one with a debit and one with a credit. This system keeps your books balanced and your data accurate.

    Here’s a simple way to think about it:

    • Debits = what your business receives
    • Credits = what your business gives

    But don’t let that oversimplification fool you – context matters.

    The Accounting Equation: 

    To really understand how debits and credits work, you need to know the accounting equation:

    Assets = Liabilities + Equity

    This formula is the heart of your balance sheet. Debits and credits help maintain this balance. The key is knowing how they affect different types of accounts.

    Assets are what your business owns – things like cash, equipment, inventory, or accounts receivable. 

    Liabilities are what your business owes – such as loans, unpaid bills, or taxes.

    Equity is the owner's stake in the company, or the residual value of assets after deducting all liabilities.

    How Debits and Credits Affect Each Account Type

    This chart helps break down how debits and credits work within different types of accounts.

    In accounting, a debit doesn’t always mean money going out, and a credit doesn’t always mean money coming in – it depends on the context. For example, debits increase assets and expenses, while credits increase liabilities, equity, and revenue. 

    Understanding this pattern is essential because it’s the foundation of double-entry accounting. Every transaction affects at least two accounts, and keeping track of how debits and credits flow through your books is key to maintaining accurate, balanced financials.

    Account Type Debit Increase Credit Increase
    Assets ✓ Yes ✗ No
    Liabilities ✗ No ✓ Yes
    Equity ✗ No ✓ Yes
    Revenue ✗ No ✓ Yes
    Expenses ✓ Yes ✗ No

    Example 1: Buying Equipment
    Action You buy a laptop using business cash
    Debit Equipment You gain an asset (equipment)
    Credit Cash You lose an asset (cash)
    This keeps your books in balance.
    Example 2: Earning Revenue
    Action You invoice a client for services
    Debit A/R You increase an asset (accounts receivable)
    Credit Revenue You increase revenue
    Later, the client pays:
    Debit Cash You increase cash
    Credit Accounts Receivable You decrease A/R

    Common Mistakes Founders Make Without This Knowledge

    Even with a bookkeeper or CFO on your team, lacking basic accounting literacy can lead to costly mistakes. Some common missteps include:

    1. Misunderstanding Profit vs. Cash Flow

    You might be making sales and showing a profit on paper, but if customers haven’t paid yet, your cash flow could be dangerously low. Understanding debits and credits helps you grasp accounts receivable, which can prevent false confidence in your financial standing.

    2. Misclassifying Transactions

    Without knowing how to categorize expenses or revenue correctly, founders may mislabel costs (e.g., capital expenditures as regular operating expenses), skewing the financial reports. This can affect everything from budgeting to taxes.

    3. Failing to be Investor Ready

    Investors want clean books. If your financial statements don’t align, or worse, if you don’t understand them, it undermines your credibility. Knowing the basics lets you speak confidently about your business’s numbers and let the numbers tell a story.

    Founders and Finance: Making Better Business Decisions

    Learning the basics of accounting helps you move from reactive to proactive. Instead of waiting until tax season or a funding round to look at your financials, you can use your data in real time. Here’s how a strong grasp of debits and credits can make you a better decision-maker:

    1. Budgeting and Forecasting

    Understanding how expenses and revenue are tracked helps you build more accurate budgets. You’ll also be better equipped to forecast cash flow — one of the most critical survival metrics for startups.

    2. Pricing Strategy

    Seeing how revenue and costs show up in your books helps you calculate margins, evaluate pricing models, and determine the true cost of consumer products or services.

    3. Scaling Operations

    As your business grows, you’ll need to invest in hiring, equipment, marketing, or inventory. Knowing how those investments impact different parts of your financial picture helps you prioritize effectively.

    4. Navigating Burn and Runway

    If you’ve raised capital, you need to know your burn rate (how fast you're spending) and your runway (how long you can keep going). Debits and credits are part of what makes these calculations meaningful and accurate.

    A Simple Framework to Remember

    If you’re new to this, here’s a simple cheat sheet to help you remember how debits and credits typically work:

    • Assets and Expenses → Increase with Debits

    • Liabilities, Equity, and Revenue → Increase with Credits

    Think of it as a pattern: things your business owns or spends money on (such as cash, equipment, or rent) are tracked with debits. Things you owe or earn (such as loans, investments, or sales) show up as credits.

    For those who prefer a visual approach, drawing out a T-account can be incredibly helpful. A T-account is a simple tool that shows debits on the left side and credits on the right. Each transaction is recorded in at least two places — once as a debit, once as a credit — so the books always stay balanced. 

    By using T-accounts, you can literally see how money moves through your business, whether you're buying inventory, paying bills, or receiving income.

    This method may seem basic, but it’s the foundation of all financial reporting. Once you understand which side of the equation each account lives on, it becomes much easier to read financial statements, catch errors, and understand the story behind your numbers.

    Final Thoughts

    Understanding debits and credits may seem like Accounting 101, but don’t underestimate its impact. These aren’t just bookkeeping terms — they’re the foundation of your financial fluency. And whether you like it or not, in order to have a successful business, you need to understand accounting basics. Whether you're reviewing monthly reports, talking with investors, or planning for the next big hire, this knowledge will help you lead with confidence.

    Want More Help Navigating Your Numbers?

    Function exists to make founders finances function as one. We translate your data into insight and strategy, giving you the clarity you need to scale. Ready to take the next step?

    Visit onefunction.com to learn more or book a call today. 

    Frequently
    asked
    questions

    What’s the difference between a debit and a credit in business accounting?

    In accounting, a debit is an entry that increases assets or expenses, while a credit increases liabilities, equity, or revenue. Every transaction affects at least two accounts — one with a debit and one with a credit — to keep your books balanced.

    Do debits always mean money coming in and credits mean money going out?

    Not exactly. It depends on the type of account. For example, debiting an expense means you're spending money, but debiting an asset like cash means you're receiving money. That’s why understanding account types is essential.

    Why do I need to understand debits and credits if I have a bookkeeper?

    Even if someone else handles your books, knowing the basics helps you read financial reports, ask better questions, and make smarter business decisions. It also makes you a stronger communicator with your finance team or investors.

    What’s a T-account, and how does it help?

    A T-account is a simple visual tool used in accounting to show how a transaction affects two accounts. Debits go on the left, credits on the right. It’s a great way to visualize the flow of money and keep things balanced.

    How can I tell if my financial reports are accurate?

    Look for common red flags: negative balances, uncategorized transactions, or mismatched totals. If you’re unsure, it’s worth having a professional review your books to make sure everything aligns before big decisions or tax time.

    Frequently
    asked
    questions

    Why does Josh describe accountants as “storytellers”?

    Josh believes the value of accounting lies in interpretation, not calculation. Tools such as Exce; already do the math—what founders need is someone to explain what the numbers mean and how they impact strategic decisions. That’s why Function focuses on turning data into stories that help drive business forward.

    How is Function designed to scale without losing personal service?

    Josh built Function with intention: hire thoughtfully, delegate wisely, and embed values into every part of the team. Delegation wasn’t easy, but it allowed Function to grow without becoming impersonal. The goal is to deliver high-touch service at scale—and keep founders from burning out trying to do everything themselves.

    What problem is Function solving for startup founders?

    Function addresses a common frustration: most founders are left to interpret their own financial data. Instead of delivering static reports, Function turns numbers into clear, actionable insights that guide decision-making—pushing information to founders rather than making them dig for it.

    How do I get started with Function?

    Getting started with Function is simple. Founders can visit onefunction.com to book an intro call, learn more about the services offered, and see if the team is the right fit. The onboarding process is built to be smooth and tailored—starting with a conversation about your current financial setup, goals, and the support you need to grow confidently.

    What does Function mean by being “the adult in the room”?

    In today’s tougher funding environment, investors expect startups to be more financially disciplined. Function steps in with experienced, unbiased financial guidance to help founders stay focused, meet their targets, and present investor-ready financials.

    Frequently
    asked
    questions

    I’m not making money yet—do I really need bookkeeping?

    Yes. Even if you’re pre-revenue, you’re likely spending money—whether on software, legal fees, marketing, or contractors. Bookkeeping helps you track those costs, stay organized for taxes, and prepare for investor conversations before they happen.

    Can’t I just wait and figure it out later?

    Waiting often creates more problems than it solves. Messy or missing records can lead to costly cleanup, missed tax deductions, or even lost funding opportunities. Getting your books in order early means less stress and smarter decisions from day one.

    What kind of bookkeeping support does a startup actually need?

    It depends on your stage and growth plans. In the beginning, you may just need basic transaction tracking. As you scale, you’ll need deeper insights, reporting, and forecasting. Function grows with you—from clean books to CFO-level strategy.

    How does Function make bookkeeping easier for founders?

    We handle the financial heavy lifting, so you don’t have to. From tracking expenses to CFO strategy insights, Function gives you clean, up-to-date books and actionable information—so you can focus on building, not balancing spreadsheets.

    Frequently
    asked
    questions

    What is QuickBooks, and how does it work for U.S. businesses?

    QuickBooks is accounting software that works through your web browser or mobile app. Small and mid-sized businesses use it to manage their daily finances - from creating invoices and tracking expenses to handling payroll and tax preparation. The software connects with U.S. banks, includes standard tax forms, and integrates with over 650 business applications.

    How much does QuickBooks cost?

    QuickBooks has four main plans:
    Simple Start: $38 monthly
    Essentials: $74 monthly
    Plus: $115 monthly
    Advanced: $275 monthly

    QuickBooks often runs promotions with significant discounts. Additional services like payroll require separate subscriptions. See QuickBooks Online Pricing & Free Trial

    What features does QuickBooks offer?

    The software provides essential accounting and business management tools. Standard features include:

    • Invoicing and payments
    • Expense and bill tracking
    • Inventory management
    • Financial reports
    • Connections with over 650 business apps
    • Multicurrency
    • Payroll (additional subscription)
    • Time tracking (additional subscription)
    How do I move from QuickBooks Desktop to QuickBooks Online?

    Intuit provides a tool to help Desktop users switch to QuickBooks Online. The tool transfers your customers, vendors, account balances, and transactions. Check Intuit's migration guide first, as some advanced features may not transfer over to the online version. See: Migration Tool

    Does QuickBooks work with other business software?

    QuickBooks connects with more than 650 business applications. This includes popular tools for customer management, online stores, project tracking, and tax preparation like TurboTax. These integrations streamline your workflow by connecting your business tools in one system. See: QuickBooks Integrations

    What payment types does QuickBooks support?

    QuickBooks Payments lets you accept credit cards, debit cards, ACH transfers, and Apple Pay. All payments automatically record in your QuickBooks account, eliminating manual entry. Transaction fees apply. See: QuickBooks Payments

    Can I run payroll with QuickBooks?

    Yes, QuickBooks offers payroll as an add-on service with different plans for U.S. businesses. The service handles direct deposits, tax calculations, and IRS filings. All payroll data integrates directly with your QuickBooks accounting. Choose from Core, Premium, or Elite plans based on your needs. See: QuickBooks Payroll Services

    Can it handle international currencies?

    Yes - the Essentials, Plus, and Advanced plans let you work in multiple currencies. QuickBooks handles the exchange rates and tracks any gains or losses from currency changes. See: Multicurrency in QuickBooks

    What reports does QuickBooks generate?

    QuickBooks generates standard financial reports, including:

    • Profit & Loss Statement
    • Balance Sheet
    • Cash Flow Statement
    • Sales by Product/Service
    • Expenses by Vendor
    • Customer Aging Reports

    The Advanced plan includes more customization options for reporting. See: QuickBooks Reporting

    Is my data secure?

    QuickBooks uses bank-grade encryption and automatically backs up your data. Intuit stores everything on secure servers and runs regular security audits. You can also enable two-factor authentication for additional protection. See: QuickBooks Security

    Does it work for freelancers and self-employed individuals?

    QuickBooks offers a separate version called QuickBooks Self-Employed. This version focuses on what freelancers and contractors need most - tracking income and expenses, sending invoices, and preparing for taxes. It connects with TurboTax for easier tax filing. See: QuickBooks for Self-Employed

    Can multiple users access QuickBooks?

    Yes, each plan allows a different number of users:

    • Simple Start: 1 user
    • Essentials: 3 users
    • Plus: 5 users
    • Advanced: 5 users

    You can control what each person can access in the system.

    Can I connect my bank accounts?

    QuickBooks connects directly to your bank accounts and credit cards to import transactions automatically. This keeps your records current and reduces manual data entry. See: Importing Bank Transactions

    Does it support specific industries?

    While QuickBooks works for most general business needs, it doesn't have industry-specific versions. Some businesses, like construction or manufacturing, might need additional apps or integrations for specialized features.

    What if I need help?

    QuickBooks provides support through live chat, phone support, and online tutorials. Advanced plan users get a dedicated account manager. For specialized help, you can work with a certified QuickBooks ProAdvisor. See: QuickBooks Support

    Is there a mobile app?

    Yes, QuickBooks has an app for iOS and Android devices. You can create invoices, track expenses, and log miles from your phone. See: Mobile app

    Does it help with tax preparation?

    QuickBooks helps organize your tax information through expense categorization and tax reports. Its integration with TurboTax makes filing easier for both businesses and self-employed users. See: TurboTax Integration

    Start smarter—and make your finances function as one

    Discover how Function streamlines your finances and scales with you at every stage.

    Start with Function